This volume aims to shed light on the economic strategies employed in livestock exploitation in Bronze and Iron Age Israel using four seperate approaches. The first is a comparative analysis of zooarchaeological and ethnographic data from 70 sites and strata, as well as anthropological resources. The second is founded on GIS analysis of spatial distribution of faunal remains in stratum II at Tel-Beer-Sheba. The third uses taphonomic analysis to investiagte pre-depositional and post-depositional agents that might have altered the zooarchaeological assemblage at that site, whilst the fourth is ethnographiv, founded on copious statistical data on livestock holding in Mandate Palestine in the 1940s. Together the results suggest a strategy based on subsistence, rather than market-oriented farming.